the gradual Islamization of several countries. the allied invasions of Italy, 1944 and Germany, 1945. Mark Katz identified six forms of revolution Revolutions of 1848 were essentially bourgeois revolutions and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states. "great revolution" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran).coup d'état (a top-down seizure of power).One of several different Marxist typologies divides revolutions into:Ĭharles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between slow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).political revolutions, sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to transform an entire society, and.Īlexis de Tocqueville differentiated between: There are many different typologies of revolutions in social science and literature. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. This incident was termed the " Glorious Revolution". Political usage of the term had been well established by 1688 in the description of the replacement of James II with William III. "Revolution" in the sense of representing abrupt change in a social order is attested by at least 1450. The word "revolucion" is known in French from the 13th century, and "revolution" in English by the late fourteenth century, with regard to the revolving motion of celestial bodies. Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Chinese Revolution of the 1940s, the Decolonisation of Africa the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989. Several generations of scholarly thought on revolutions have generated many competing theories and contributed much to the current understanding of this complex phenomenon. Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective, but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences, including sociology and political science. Scholarly debates about what does and does not constitute a revolution center on several issues. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio- political institutions, usually in response to perceived overwhelming autocracy or plutocracy. Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, success or failure, duration, and motivating ideology. It typically involves a revolt against the government due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political incompetence. In political science, a revolution ( Latin: revolutio, 'a turn around') is an attempt to achieve fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization.
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